Kaplina O.N.

The toxic effects of drugs can affect the anterior segment of the eye, the lens and the poste­rior segment of the eye. Оphthalmoscopy is used аor intravital assessment of the condition of the posterior segment of the eye.

The intranasal drug delivery has been become increasingly interesting not only for the treatment of acute and chronic nasal cavity diseases but mainly for drug delivery to the central nervous system and/or systemic blood over the past decades.

Morphometry is one of the most important methods of preclinical studies. It is an integral part of microscopy analysis.

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, which affects more than 1.5 million people annually, and the number of people with a confirmed diagnosis is about 55 million.