Dorotenko A.R.

Although animal pain models may be highly sensitive to small changes in animal care, all relevant details are usually not reported in research papers, potentially resulting in increased inter-laboratory variability.

The intranasal drug delivery has been become increasingly interesting not only for the treatment of acute and chronic nasal cavity diseases but mainly for drug delivery to the central nervous system and/or systemic blood over the past decades.

The study of the general toxicity of medicines is an important aspect of their preclinical study, since it allows one to assess the risks in clinical trials.

Passive immunization, proposed by E. Behring, is still a sought-after treatment option using mammalian antibodies. This principle was developed by F. Klemperer in 1893, showing that antibodies that could inactivate the pathogen appeared in the egg yolks of chickens immunized with tetanus toxin.

In recent years, due to the development of agriculture and the increase in the number of pet owners, there is a rapid development of veterinary medicine not only in the Russian Federation, but throughout the world.